Absolute Zero
When an object's temperature increases its internal heat energy causes the random motions of individual atoms and molecules to increase. Random molecular motions are faster at higher temperatures. As the temperature decreases, the random atomic and molecular motions decrease.
The lowest possible temperature is when these random atomic and molecular motions are at the minimum possible energy. This temperature is absolute zero. It is zero in the Kelvin temperature scale. Absolute zero is -273.15 degrees Celsius and -459.67 degrees Fahrenheit.
The Rankine Temperature Scale
The Rankine temperature scale was developed by William John Macquorn Rankine in 1859. It is seldom used today. In the Rankine scale the zero point is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is the same size as the Fahrenheit degree.
Temperature Conversions
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius or Centigrade use the following formula:
- Centigrade degrees = (5/9) X (Fahrenheit degrees - 32)
To convert Celsius or Centigrade to Fahrenheit use the following formula:
- Fahrenheit degrees = (9/5) X (Centigrade degrees) + 32
To convert between Celsius or Centigrade and Kelvin use the following formula:
- Kelvin degrees = Centigrade degrees + 273
Further Reading
Knight, R.D., Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson, 2004, p 490-492.
Fahrenheit, G.D., "Experimenta et Observationes de Congelatione Aqulin Vacuo Factae", Philisophical Transactions v 33, p 78-89, 1724.
Fahrenheit, G.D., "Experimenta Circa Gradum Caloris Liquorum Nonnallorum Efullientium Instituta", Philisophical Transactions v 33, p 1, 1724.
Thomson, W., Philisophical Magazine, October, 1848.
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